首先,将介绍人工智能的主流思想和实用技巧,通过一些耳熟能详的有趣定理,我们可以对人工智能有些直观、初步的认识;随后,言归正传,我们将开始接触 AI 领域的几大理论支柱,由浅入深地学习 统计学、微积分、线性代数、概率论 等知识体系;最后,落地到实践,我们需要紧跟人工智能的技术发展前沿,对重大的突破性项目进行了解、学习,以及运用。如此,对人工智能领域进行横向分层,可以很方便地找到我们学习的突破点
normalize() prob = prob('A') # P(A|a) print('The probability of getting `a` that belongs to set `A`: %s' % prob) # P(a|A): 从 A 中获取 a # P(A|a): 获取 a,并且 a 恰巧是属于 A 的 # 这两个描述的场景完全不同,对应的概率也因而不同
with tf.name_scope('loss'): # 二次 Loss Func # loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y - prediction)) # 交叉熵 Loss Func # loss = tf.reduce_mean(-tf.reduce_sum(y * tf.log(prediction), reduction_indices=[1])) loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels = y, logits = prediction)) tf.summary.scalar('loss', loss)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Processes: GPU Memory | | GPU PID Type Process name Usage | |=============================================================================| | No running processes found | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
# 交叉熵 Loss Function cross_entropy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=y, logits=prediction)) # Adam 优化器,配合一个不断下降的学习率 train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(lr).minimize(cross_entropy)
PyTorch™ is a Python package that provides two high-level features: Tensor computation (like NumPy) with strong GPU acceleration and Deep neural networks built on a tape-based autograd system
Caffe™ (Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding) is a deep learning framework made with expression, speed, and modularity in mind. It is developed by Berkeley AI Research (BAIR) and by community contributors. Yangqing Jia created the project during his PhD at UC Berkeley. Caffe is released under the BSD 2-Clause license.
XGBoost™ is an optimized distributed gradient boosting library designed to be highly efficient, flexible and portable. It implements machine learning algorithms under the Gradient Boosting framework. XGBoost provides a parallel tree boosting (also known as GBDT, GBM) that solve many data science problems in a fast and accurate way. The same code runs on major distributed environment (Hadoop, SGE, MPI) and can solve problems beyond billions of examples.
Apache PredictionIO™ is an open source Machine Learning Server built on top of a state-of-the-art open source stack for developers and data scientists to create predictive engines for any machine learning task.
权重初始化:使用方法(如 Xavier 或 He 初始化)随机设定模型权重的初始值,确保不会过大或过小。
模型训练:
损失函数:定义损失函数,例如交叉熵损失,以衡量模型的预测与真实数据之间的差距。
优化器选择:如 Adam、SGD 等,它决定了如何基于损失更新模型权重。
正则化:可能使用如 Dropout、权重衰减等技术来避免过拟合。
学习率调整:如学习率衰减、余弦退火或使用学习率调度器。
评估和验证:
分割数据:确保有一个独立的验证集或测试集,用于评估模型性能。
指标计算:计算诸如困惑度、准确率等指标。
早停:如果在验证集上的性能停止提高,则可能提前结束训练。
微调(可选):
选择微调数据:针对特定任务收集数据。
微调训练:在微调数据上进行训练,但通常使用更小的学习率,以避免大幅改变原始模型。
部署:
模型压缩:使用技术如模型剪枝、知识蒸馏等,以减小模型大小或提高推理速度。
部署环境:将模型部署到服务器、边缘设备或云服务上。
Error from OpenAI: You exceeded your current quota
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Error from OpenAI: You exceeded your current quota, please check your plan and billing details. For more information on this error, read the docs: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/error-codes/api-errors.
Get up and running with large language models locally.
安装
MacOS
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$ ollama run llama3
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pulling 00e1317cbf74... 100% ▕██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏ 4.7 GB pulling 4fa551d4f938... 100% ▕██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏ 12 KB pulling 8ab4849b038c... 100% ▕██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏ 254 B pulling 577073ffcc6c... 100% ▕██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏ 110 B pulling ad1518640c43... 100% ▕██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏ 483 B verifying sha256 digest writing manifest removing any unused layers success
使用
帮助手册
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>>> /?
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Available Commands: /set Set session variables /show Show model information /load <model> Load a session or model /save <model> Save your current session /clear Clear session context /bye Exit /?, /help Help for a command /? shortcuts Help for keyboard shortcuts
Use """ to begin a multi-line message.
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>>> /show
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Available Commands: /show info Show details for this model /show license Show model license /show modelfile Show Modelfile for this model /show parameters Show parameters for this model /show system Show system message /show template Show prompt template
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>>> /show info
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Model details: Family llama Parameter Size 8B Quantization Level Q4_0
Here is a basic template for creating a conversation:
**Introduction**
* Start with a friendly greeting or question to break the ice. * Introduce yourself and establish a connection with the user.
**Understanding the User's Needs** * Ask open-ended questions to understand what the user is looking for. * Listen actively and show empathy to build trust. * Clarify any misunderstandings or concerns. **Providing Value** * Offer helpful information, advice, or solutions related to the user's needs. * Use examples, analogies, or storytelling to make complex concepts more relatable. * Highlight key takeaways and next steps.
**Engaging and Building Rapport**
* Ask follow-up questions to show interest and build rapport. * Share personal experiences or anecdotes to create a connection. * Use humor or light-hearted moments to keep the conversation engaging.
**Closing and Follow-Up**
* Summarize the key points and reiterate your value proposition. * Encourage the user to take action or seek further assistance. * End with a friendly closing or next steps, leaving the door open for future conversations.
This is just one example of a template. Feel free to adapt it to fit your specific needs and goals!
AI stands for Artificial Intelligence, which refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that would typically require human intelligence, such as:
1. **Learning**: AI systems can learn from data and improve their performance over time. 2. **Reasoning**: AI can make decisions based on logic and rules, just like humans do. 3. **Perceiving**: AI can interpret and understand the world around it, including images, speech, and text.
AI uses various techniques to achieve these capabilities, including:
1. **Machine learning**: AI systems can learn from data without being explicitly programmed. 2. **Deep learning**: A subset of machine learning that uses neural networks to analyze complex patterns in data. 3. **Natural Language Processing (NLP)**: AI can understand and generate human-like language. 4. **Computer vision**: AI can interpret and understand visual data from images and videos.
AI has many applications across industries, including:
1. **Robotics**: AI-powered robots can perform tasks that require human-like dexterity and intelligence. 2. **Customer service**: AI-powered chatbots can provide personalized support to customers. 3. **Healthcare**: AI can help diagnose diseases, analyze medical images, and develop personalized treatment plans. 4. **Finance**: AI can analyze financial data, detect fraudulent transactions, and make investment decisions. 5. **Gaming**: AI-powered game engines can create immersive experiences with realistic NPCs (non-player characters). 6. **Research**: AI can aid in scientific discovery by analyzing large datasets, identifying patterns, and making predictions.
The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in the 1950s, but the concept of creating intelligent machines dates back to ancient Greece. Today, AI is a rapidly growing field with immense potential to transform industries and improve our lives.
Would you like to know more about AI or its applications?
Let's dive deeper into AI! **What are the benefits of AI?** 1. **Automation**: AI can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up humans for more creative and high-value work. 2. **Improved accuracy**: AI can analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, reducing errors and improving decision-making. 3. **Enhanced customer experience**: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can provide personalized support to customers 24/7. 4. **Increased efficiency**: AI can optimize processes, reduce waste, and streamline operations, leading to cost savings and increased productivity. 5. **New insights and discoveries**: AI can analyze complex data sets, identify patterns, and make predictions, leading to new scientific breakthroughs and innovations. **What are some exciting AI applications?** 1. **Self-driving cars**: AI-powered vehicles can navigate roads safely and efficiently, reducing accidents and traffic congestion. 2. **Medical diagnosis**: AI-powered algorithms can analyze medical images, detect diseases, and develop personalized treatment plans. 3. **Virtual assistants**: AI-powered virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant can help with daily tasks, answer questions, and provide entertainment. 4. **Cybersecurity**: AI-powered systems can detect and prevent cyberattacks in real-time, protecting sensitive data and networks. 5. **Gaming and entertainment**: AI-powered game engines can create realistic NPC characters, generate immersive stories, and even compose music. **What are some of the challenges and concerns surrounding AI?** 1. **Job displacement**: The automation of jobs may displace certain workers, requiring retraining and upskilling. 2. **Bias and ethics**: AI systems can perpetuate biases and discriminatory behaviors if not designed with ethical considerations in mind. 3. **Data privacy**: AI requires access to vast amounts of data, which raises concerns about personal privacy and security. 4. **Unintended consequences**: The complexity of AI systems means that unintended consequences can arise from their use. **How are governments and organizations addressing the challenges surrounding AI?** 1. **Regulations**: Governments are developing regulations and guidelines for the development and deployment of AI systems. 2. **Ethics frameworks**: Organizations are establishing ethics frameworks to ensure AI systems are designed with fairness, transparency, and accountability in mind. 3. **Training and education**: Governments and organizations are investing in training and education programs to help workers develop skills for an AI-driven economy. **What can you do to stay ahead of the curve in AI?** 1. **Stay informed**: Follow reputable sources and industry leaders to stay up-to-date on AI trends, applications, and breakthroughs. 2. **Develop transferable skills**: Focus on developing skills that are relevant across industries, such as data analysis, programming, or creative problem-solving. 3. **Explore AI-powered tools**: Experiment with AI-powered tools and platforms to understand their capabilities and limitations. 4. **Pursue AI-related education**: Consider pursuing higher education or certifications in AI-related fields, such as machine learning, data science, or computer vision. I hope this information helps you better understand AI and its potential impact on your life and career! Do you have any specific questions about AI that I can help with?
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